Assignment 13 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

13 - Assignment Example are distinctive in work of work where in certain associations, laborers have the opportunity to pick what they need to do while in others, obligations are alloted to representatives. In any case, numerous disparities that emerge from the idea of the business, as distinguished by, Adam Smith should be routed to make congruity in the work place. These chief offsets some business while in others, it is an addition. The primary head, the wages of work change with the hardship, the neatness, the decency of the business. The individuals who do substantial obligations procure more that the individuals who attempt light obligations. Furthermore, dirtier work will in general get a bigger number of wages than the spotless ones and introduction to risky or perilous condition (Smith and Dickey, 1993). The workers in shocking business may bring home a greater number of wages than those in the noteworthy work since it takes persistence and boldness to complete the obligations; in any case, this isn't generally the situation in all work. This additionally applies in the benefits of stock the greater the stock the more the benefit it wins. Furthermore, the wages of work shift with the effectiveness and inexpensiveness, or the trouble and cost of learning the business. In the event that a work requires a gifted individual who have set aside enough effort to find out about it and utilized costly assets, the degree of wages must be high. This is on the grounds that time devoured in preparing is incredible and not simply any individual who can play out the obligations particularly the specific ones be it specialized or innovative. Gifted work gets more wages and as one redesign the position is left empty for another to join and learn as the last proceeds with his/her preparation under the ace simply like it is in Europe (Smith and Dickey). Ease and efficiency barely influence the load of benefit on the grounds that for any business to progress admirably, a great deal of exertion must be utilized. Thirdly, the wages of work in various occupations shift with the consistency or capriciousness of business. Business changes

A Long Way Gone: Ishmael

Ishmael Beah was 12 years of age when the contradicting armed force, The Rebels, assaulted his modest community, Sierra Loene. Ishmael fled leaving everything imperative to him behind. His family, home, and assets were completely gone. With just his sibling and nine companions, he fled. For a long time they avoided the renegades strolling from town to town searching for their lost families. Ishmael lost 8 of his companions and in the long run his sibling en route. With just Alhaji left they were found by the military and made to battle or be slaughtered. They utilized their rap and hip-jump aptitudes to stay well known between missions. To these two delicate hearted young men murdering turned into a lifestyle. At sixteen years old Ishmael and Alhaji were picked to be expelled from the battling by UNICEF. After showing up at the restoration community two young men were executed with concealed blades and firearms since they were rebels. The others didn’t care that they as well, had to battle. This didn’t come as an astonishment to the laborers; the children had been doing it for the greater part of their lives. Ishmael entered treatment with kind young ladies named, Esther. After numerous long stretches of overwhelming treatment Ishmael opened up lastly acknowledged his new life. With the assistance of Esther and numerous others, Ishmael found an uncle of whom his dad infrequently talked about and went to live with him and his family. He was getting a charge out of meeting his tragically deceased family members when he was welcome to go to a gathering in San Francisco for kids who endure frightening things and needed to instruct others about it. He was picked out of a great many children to talk about kid troopers. He quickly concurred at sent his structures away to the meeting authorities disclosing to them he was coming. He had issues getting a visa yet that was immediately dealt with by the laborers from his old recovery place with an end goal to support him. He went to the meeting and met a sort, rich, lady who helped him and a couple of companions he met change in accordance with the city and the steady activity that they weren’t used to. At the point when he returned from San Francisco he was stunned to understand that the agitators had assumed control over the city. Scared that he would be perceived and executed or that he would need to battle by and by Ishmael searched for an exit from the city. He discovered one and gambled being one of the many shot only for being in the city. Ishmael reached the lady he had met at the gathering and she consented to let him live with her until he could figure out how to bring in cash. Ishmael was one of the fortunate individuals who escaped the war, a few children weren’t as lucky. A Long Way Gone is a genuine tale about a genuine kid. It’s alarming that kids as youthful as nine are being constrained into a war they need no piece of so as to endure.

Keeping Joy in the Classroom

Keeping Joy in the Classroom How do we keep joy in our classrooms â€" for both students and teachers? Teaching today is nothing like it was in the past. Gone are the days of loose curriculum, infrequent observations by your principal, and learning cursive; we now have structured lessons, unannounced walkthroughs by both the principal and the superintendent, and a lack of downtime. How do we keep joy in our classrooms â? for the kids and also for us? Take a look at some tips for continuing to make teaching and learning fun. 1. Use Classroom Decorations Pinterest, Teachers Pay Teachers, and TeacherVision are three incredible resources you can utilize to find educational and fun decorations for your classroom. I have found creative charts to help teach my fourth graders place value, fractions, and geometry. Iâ?ve also found crafts, holiday decorations, and more. These websites offer a mix of free and for-purchase items and ideas. In my experience, some of the freebies are incredibly cool, and some of the for-purchase items are well worth the money as well â? you just have to be diligent in your search. One of my favorite TpT creators is Jennifer Findley. 2. Supplement the Curriculum Suppose youâ?re teaching a lesson about how to find the main idea of a text using a particular curriculum. You teach in a fairly similar manner from day-to-day, and occasionally the kids groan before another one of your main idea lessons. Switch it up! A simple Google (or TeacherVision) search of â?main idea text (insert grade)⠝ produces thousands of results. Take a few moments to look through the absolutely immense amount of resources the internet provides and give your students something new. Different representations of the same topic not only prevent students from becoming bored, but variation promotes a higher level of student engagement. One of my absolute favorite ways to supplement my curriculum is to use Task Cards, which generally involves 12-24 tasks that relate to inferring, multiplication, word problems, or main idea. In fact, almost any topic can be found under a â?task card⠝ search. 3. Make Positive Reinforcement Fun! I am a huge proponent of avoiding punishment whenever possible in favor of positive reinforcement. Taking the time to create a system that works for you will undoubtedly result in better behavior in your classroom. Some may think that kids should all have intrinsic motivation, but letâ?s be real: rewards work for adults too! In my classroom, I have two forms of positive reinforcement â? â?personal⠝ and â?whole class.⠝ Personal: For the studentsâ? personal reinforcement, I offer tickets. The kids receive tickets for doing something â?good.⠝ The definition of â?good⠝ changes from day-to-day: it depends on my mood, who I happen to notice, and so on. Then, a few times a year, the kids can use their tickets to buy items from my classroom store. Yes, I supply the items for the classroom store myself, but hoo-boy does it motivate. I get the majority of my items from the Target dollar section, and sometimes I have very generous kiddos donate old toys and things they donâ?t need anymore. The kids go crazy for fuzzy socks, pens, pencils, stickers, erasers, stuffed animals, yo-yos, slinkies â? really anything. Sometimes I buy party favors in packs of 12, separate them out, and put those in the store. The kids are so thrilled to be able to take home a tangible reward and the incentive is so high that the tickets really promote good behavior. Other examples of positive, individual reinforcement include using Class Dojo to give students points, which then connect to a parent's email address. This allows for parents to receive updates in real time, which in itself can motivate students, and also helps to keep track of who has been rewarded. Whole Class: For the whole class, I bought a â?Catching Compliments⠝ poster from Really Good Stuff. (It looks like my poster is no longer available, but you could use this poster in a similar way.) When the whole class does a great job in math, or at recess, or at lunch, or during a specialist, or Iâ?m just feeling nice, Iâ?ll give them one of the 100 baseballs that came on the Catching Compliments chart. When they collectively reach 100 baseballs, they get a whole class reward. These rewards have included pajamas, movies, chewing gum, bringing in a stuffed animal, reading parties, extra recess, and more. It typically takes my class two to three months to receive all 100 baseballs, and it makes the whole class reward even more special. The same sort of reinforcement could be achieved with a jar of marbles, beads, stars, etc, or with stickers on a chart. 4. Allow for Choice As much as you can, give the kids choices. While this isnâ?t always possible, there are ways to promote student choice. If your school has an intervention time, or a â?What I Need⠝ (WIN) block, create a menu of student options. Recently, my WIN time menu has included Greek myths, multiplication practice, a persuasive essay piece, informational task cards, and multi-step word problems in math. These activities are considered Must-Do, and if they finish all Must-Dos, they can move on to optional choices. Another great way to allow for choice is by using Seesaw, a website that allows for students to represent their learning in a variety of ways. I have used Seesaw during assessments to allow students the choice of typing, voice recording, or writing by hand. They definitely enjoy filming themselves talking! 5. Incorporate Fun as Often as Possible Even though we currently have more on our plate as teachers than ever before, give yourself and your students a break every so often. Throw in a random extra recess for no reason â? research shows that variable reinforcement (giving people rewards on a non-set schedule) actually produces the best results. Include a morning meeting in your day as a part of the Responsive Classroom model to promote classroom community, allow for a greeting, and let the kids share. Let parents come in and run a craft â? they love feeling involved, and kids need help with their fine motor skills! Lastly, include games as a part of education â? Pinterest is a wonderful resource for this. My students love the game Prodigy for math help, which is completely aligned with the Common Core standards. All in all, even though we have a lot going on when it comes to teaching our kids, we owe it to them and to ourselves to continue to make learning fun. Happy kids make for happy teachers, and a content classroom will undoubtedly produce more effective learning!   How do you keep joy in the classroom? 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France and Transatlantic Slave Trade - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1394 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? From the late 1700s and into the 1800s, slaves were considered one of the most important economic commodities that an individual, or country, could possess. Like many European countries of the time period, France played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. The Old Regime of France is what dictated their participation in the transatlantic slave trade. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "France and Transatlantic Slave Trade" essay for you Create order Revolutionary France began the process to abolish slavery in the French Colonies and it then became official in 1794. This was primarily due to an uprising in the French Colonies of the Caribbeanspecifically the Haitian Revolution. The French Revolution continued to go great lengths in determining where slaves fit within the newly formed France and its National Assembly. When Napoleon Bonaparte came into power, he did his best to turn France into an empirethis included reversing the decision to abolish slavery. In 1804, by the hand of Napoleon, slavery was made legal once again. It was not until 1848 that slavery in France and its colonies was abolished for the second and final time. From the late 18th-century to the mid-19th-century, the enslaved peoples of France and their rights was a topic of great discussion in both the time following the Revolution and the end of Napoleons reign. Under the Old Regime, France held onto the ideology that there are no slaves in France. The French prided themselves that they may be one of the only European countries not to have slavestheir Caribbean colonies were not noteworthy when they made the no slaves statement. While the Black peoples on France made up less than 3% of the population, these were not all free men. As part of the transatlantic slave trade, France was the third largest contributor to the slave trade in the late 1700s to the mid-1800s. Slaves were sent in large numbers to the French Colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Tobago, San Lucie, and San Martin, though France gained the rank of third because of the sheer amount of slaves that were sent to the French Colony of San Dominguewhat is now known as Haiti. San Domingue was viewed as the New Worlds most profitable eighteen-century colony. Economically, slavery was vital to the French colonies where the main exports were sugar and coffee. Frequent voyages were made from the French ports of Nantes, Bordeaux, and La Rochelle. The ship Marie Seraphique was one of the many slave ships that sailed from Nantes (pictured above is the plan, profile, and layout of the ship). It is estimated that 1,400,000 Africans were taken by France as part of the slave trade, though only 1,165,000 survived the Middle Passagethe journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Slavery was a normal part of life for individuals of the time; it was not until the Revolution began that there were discussions concerning the slaves of France. The French Revolution began in the Spring of 1789in which there were a series of uprisings across Franceand with the Revolution a new government was introduced. The National Assembly was now the governing body in France, and in of August of the same year, they embraced The Declaration of the Rights of Man as the new composition of the land. It stated that, Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Yet did not give any thought to the enslaved peoples of in the Caribbean. There were many individuals and groups who came to the National Assembly to either speak against abolition or for it. One of the various groups that petitioned to speak for abolition in the wake of the Revolution was the Societe des amis des Noirs. The Society of the Friends of the Blacks formed in 1788. They followed the lead of English and American abolitionists, with Enlightenment-influenced rhetoric, and began to speak of emancipation. They spoke of how King Louis XVI, in 1788, he abolished serfdom on all royal lands, of how the last French serfs gained their freedom and rights with the National Assembly in 1789, and why should this right of freedom not be extended to the Negroes who live under [the] Law? which included the slaves in the Colonies. The Society of the Friends of the Blacks defined their main goals as granting full rights to Africans and biracial people in the colonies who were already free and [the abolition] of the slave trade two goals they hoped would be received well and not seen as too controversial. Many others spoke out against slavery as well. Why are Black people enslaved? The color of peoples skin only suggests a slight difference. There is no discord between day and night, the sun and the moon and between the stars and dark sky. All is varied; it is the beauty of nature. Why destroy natures work? Even free Blacks from the Colonies addressed the Assembly. They told of the conditions that one must endure while in slavery and that while they had their legal freedom, they could not do enjoy full rights as a citizen of France. Despite mush political debate, the marketable interest of the plantations won out, and the slaves of the French Colonies did not receive their much wanted freedom. It was not until the slave revolution in San Domingue that there began to be sincere consideration concerning the rights of the slaves of France. As is known with any slave plantation, the conditions are brutal and the work intensethis was no different for the slaves that resided at San Domingue. The revolts began when the French Republic would not recognize the rights of the slaves. Vincent Oge, one of the leading members of the first revolt, who the was sequentially executed for his part, often took it upon himself to go to Paris and plead the case of civil rights, but alas this did not prove fruitful. In October of 1790, the first of many revolts happened in San Domingue. Three hundred and fifty mulattos rebelled, and while the rebellion was put down, on May 15th the National Assembly yielded to the pressure and granted political rights to all free blacks and mulattos who were born of free mothers and fathers. This did not affect many individuals of San Domingue, but those in charge of the plantations were furious and would not uphold the decree. On August 22nd, 1791, the slaves came together and rose up once againthis beca me the first successful slave revolt in history. Not even a month later, the National Assembly reversed their decree in retaliation. The slaves revolted once again; they showed their outrage by burning plantations and killing the plantation owners. The new Legislative Assemblywhich had replaced the National Assembly in October of 1791met at the end of March 1792 and voted to reinstate the rights of free blacks and mulattos, yet nothing was decided regarding slavery. It was also at this time that Toussaint LOuverture (pictured above) became leader of the rebellion. Toussaint was the son of an educated slavehis father was taken from the shores in Africa, while he was born into slaverythat later became a free man. He assembled a group of slaves and mulattos, and successfully fought the Europeans forces that threated the San Domingue. The rebellion had greatly weakened San Domingues economy and thus the National Conventionthe Legislative Assemblys replacement as led by radical Jacobins decided in to abolish slavery in all the French Colonies on February 4, 1794. Slavery was of great significance to France and the French colonies in the late 18th century and the early to mid-19th century. It began with France being the third largest supporter of the transatlantic slave trade. This was part of Frances Old Regime. Slavery was abolished for the first time in 1794. This was because of both the Haitian and French Revolution. There were then many decisions to be made about where the former slaves would fit in with French society, as well as part of the National Assembly. It was when Napoleon Bonaparte came into power that there was a significant reversal in French society. Napoleon wanted to transform revolutionary France into an empire, and with this came many changes. One of the changes was that slavery was deemed legal once again in 1804. It would not be for another forty-four years that slavery would be abolished once again. As with many European countries of the time, it is important to learn about the economic impact of slavery as it was such an important factor of the time period.

Drug Abuse Pay Attention Essay - 1257 Words

Drug use is a controversial issue where different people have different opinions. It varies from individual to individual, from society to a way of life, and from legal to illegal. Drugs become abused whether they are recreational, narcotics or alcohol. When we talk about the misuse of substances and how they are used for the wrong reason without regulations that put the person at risk without taking that into account. It is like gambling when an individual use recreational drugs or abuse narcotics. If these ventures were taken into account the amount of damage to themselves, I am sure they would put a limit to it. It has been identified that there are some ethics for families, schools, and the community to use in establishing†¦show more content†¦When the use of narcotic drug first start being used is for a condition like back pain, etc., however, possibly turn into the substance being abused because of the dependency on that drug. When drugs are being abused they have a tendency to alter the mental status and circuitry of the brain, and this affects human behavior. Once addiction has developed there are changes to the brain that makes it difficult for an individual to reasonable voluntary decisions. When this happens it can lead to the compulsive use of drug craving, seeking and use. The impact of drug addiction can be an extreme failure to an individual without the right support. However, life threatening diseases can develop from drugs both recreational and narcotic. Diseases like heart disease, stroke, cancer, and AIDS, hepatitis and lung disease. Some diseases occur are pr olonged use and this can occur after just one use. (NIDA, 2011). Intercession can be put to the test when trying to attempt to help a person with their addiction. There are times when involvement is successful when a person can go into a treatment program to help them learn how to live drug free. When someone is in denial it is hard to show them how their disease is affecting their life as well as others who love and care for them. Usually it takes a licensed intervention specialist to be able to help abusers be able to recover from their disease. It has been shown that there is a 90 to 95Show MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Drug Abuse And The Way Tax Money845 Words   |  4 Pagesemotionally to handle difficulties. Also, it’s what brings them back to normal from those dramatic situations. America society is full of situations that require resilience or a lack of resilience, for example, Drug abuse and the way tax money is being used. At this point, I could say that drug abuse is in the process of bringing our country down, it would take h ard work to get back up. On the other hand, taxes can be more successful. Kelly states, â€Å"How resilient are you? In a blackout, would you be outsideRead MoreThe Rise of Drug Abuse in Hong Kong1065 Words   |  5 PagesGoretti Wong 6B (27) Say NO to drugs Drug abuse is on the rise among young people in Hong Kong which is a serious and alarming phenomenon that every one of us should face squarely to. Before we figure out ways to help them, we must first understand the reasons for teenagers to take drugs. Peer influence is the dominant reason for teenagers to take drugs. Usually, friends among a group share same interests and their behaviors are expected to be consistent with one another. 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Her decline is accompanied by a gloomy song that describes how â€Å"she had a couple pills on a little dare† (NCADA, 2016). The ad culminates with a message that asks people to be vocal and share their storiesRead MoreMental Health Within Prisons : American Public University System1388 Words   |  6 Pagesoften are those with mental health problems have their needs properly met and taken care of? There are a variety of different mental health problems within each prison in many states. 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Questions will be left to ask as to why there are so many overdoses to prescription drugs, and what ages groupsRead MoreSubstance Abuse - Social Pandemic1653 Words   |  7 PagesAs the use of illegal drugs and alcohol continues, substance abuse across America has become a very serious social problem. It is mental illness that has an effect on different races, classes and genders. The affects of substance abuse has caused countless of people to feel heartache and develop feelings of hopelessness. With alcohol and drugs readily available through prescription or on the streets (Butler,2010), it is obvious why many are acquiring addictive patterns to these accessible substancesRead MoreThe Dangers Of Marijuana And Alcohol909 Words   |  4 Pagesafter their tolerance level. It gets to the point where they blackout and they have no idea what they are doing. The problem with marijuana coming back around to our society is no one really knows the facts about it. Yes, it is still considered a drug, but so is alcohol. Not many people look at it like that. Marijuana has not only become more popular for teens but for medical reasons as well. For cancer patients or any medical reason, they can smoke or eat an edible and be pain-free. It is alsoRead More Being Popular Essay539 Words   |  3 PagesBeing Popular Drug and alcohol abuse is a serious problem among many young people. Most drug and alcohol abuse happens on the weekend at a party or at a friend’s house. Young people want to be popular and fit in, and if fitting in means drinking or using drugs, they are going to do it. After a few parties, and a few nights out at a friend’s house,young people start to get addicted to drugs and alcohol and their life begins to fall apart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being popular is a goal that all teenagers wantRead MoreEssay Perscription Drug Abuse among Teenagers1064 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse among Teenagers ( 12-17 Years) Prescription Drugs are medications that are prescribed to patients by a doctor to help in many ways, such as relieve pain, treat symptoms of a disease, or to help fight an infection. They are very safe when used properly and under supervision of a physician, yet if used without approval of a doctor they can be very harmful and in some cases could lead to death. During your adolescence years, teens have curiosity which builds up and

The Story of Macbeth Free Essays

In the story of Macbeth, there is a lot of ups and downs that go along. How everyone takes the events that are going on will determine who are the strong ones and who are the weak ones. At one point all of the characters will have a flaw which will cause them to act a certain way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Story of Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many events that go on shocked, excited, and worried most. Every action will lead to a deeper event. Although everyone seems to have their head together at the beginning, there is alot of flaws that these characters are not showing right away. Most of these characters will leave and reader at a sharp turning point. These situations that the characters are always falling into are because of the characters poor decisions that leave the character where he/she cannot change or controls certains situations. Macbeth’s mind set and actions will show how he really feels about certain situations and help a reader understand why Macbeth’s actions are the way they are. Not just Macbeth’s actions, its Lady Macbeth’s actions too. No one knows which way to turn to when events start to drop out of nowhere. In the story of Macbeth, you can see that the troubled main character, Macbeth is in situations that you can see his flaws clearly, making this story a tragedy. To start off in at 1 of The Tragedy of Macbeth, the setting is in Scotland. Lady Macbeth comes across the three witches, the Weird Sisters, she had made the witches mad so the witches knew to go after her husband. So that is exactly what they did. The witches said they will meet Macbeth â€Å"when the battle’s los and won† and when â€Å"fair is foul and foul is fair†. The witches will tell the characters one thing and will think in their head another meaning to what they just said, so the characters will be confused and do or say the wrong things that will cause a huge situations that can be a life of death situation. For example, when the witches told Macbeth that he will be king, also when they told him a human cannot harm him till the trees move. Another thing that the witches did was curse Lady macbeth when she would not give the witches some of her crackers. How to cite The Story of Macbeth, Papers

Women In Ancient Greece Essay Example For Students

Women In Ancient Greece Essay Womens role in Greece can be seen when one first begins to do research on the subject. The subject of women in Greece is coupled with the subject of slaves. This is the earliest classification of women in Greek society. Although women were treated differently from city to city the basic premise of that treatment never changed. Women were only useful for establishing a bloodline that could carry on the family name and give the proper last rites to the husband. However, women did form life long bonds with their husbands and found love in arranged marriages. Women in Athenian SocietyWomen are defined as near slaves, or as perpetual minors in Athenian society (The Greek World, pg. 200). For women life didnt extend far from the home, which was thought to be their sole realm of existence. Though they ranked higher than slaves did, they were treated in many of the same ways. Just like slaves, their mothers trained women as adolescents what their domestic duties were. They were secluded from all males, including those in their family. They lived in gynaikeion, which were womens apartments in Athens (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 55). They were kept at home where they were taught the proper manners and duties of a desirable wife. Marriage was the inevitable goal to which her whole life tended. To remain a spinster was the worst disgrace which could befall a woman (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). However, it was seen as more of a disgrace on her father who owned her until she was married. We will write a custom essay on Women In Ancient Greece specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Although Athenian women were completely in charge of their household and slaves, they didnt have much freedom. They rarely left the house, unless they were part of some sort of religious procession. They could only walk abroad in the streets if accompanied by a slave or other attendant. It was improper for respectable women to share the same social entertainments as men. Even if caught in the courtyard of the house by a male visitor, they would return to the seclusion of their own apartments. Pericles once said, it was their business to be spoken of as little as possible whether for good or ill (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 82). This sentiment describes the extent of the importance of women in society. Marriage was their only major role in the lives of men. MarriageThe betrothal was arranged by the parents as a strictly business contract. The parents choice of a suitable groom for their bride was a matter of pride and status for the family. The grooms choice in bride was largely determined by the amount of dowry the bride would bring with her. Although the wedding was a happy ceremony, it was only the beginning of a womans loss of independence. Not only did women possess no independent status in the eyes of the law; she always remained under the supervision of a male. If her husband died, she was returned to her fathers or brothers home where they would take charge of her. After the wedding, the wifes duties were centered on the management of the home. She would overlook the slaves, mend and make clothing for her family, usually done by spinning or knitting, weave rugs and baskets for the home, or just fold and refold the clothing kept in the family chest. The wife was also responsible for maintaining her attractiveness for her husband. A proper Athenian wife would adorn herself with jewelry and use rouge upon her husbands arrival home. Sometimes she might spend an entire evening sitting next to the couch where her husband lay reclining. .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .postImageUrl , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:hover , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:visited , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:active { border:0!important; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:active , .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723 .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u25dff0b08c8ab167cdf98dcd7ac7c723:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A womans self esteem EssayMost importantly the Athenian women were seen as fine upstanding matrons fit to bear a race of excellent athletes (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). An Athenian man married primarily to have children. These children were expected to care for him in his old age, but more importantly to bury him with the full appropriate rites (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 57). Moreover, Athenian men married to have male children in order to perpetuate the family line and guarantee him honors when he died. It was also a large disgrace for a man to be unmarried. Basically, Athenians married not out of love for each other, but for religious and social convenience . LoveAll this aside, love was abundant in Greek society. Although love was never a determining factor in marriages, a lifelong bond and devotion developed between a couple as the years passed. We know that the Greeks of the fifth and fourth century used the word eros (love) to describe the passion linking a husband and his wife (Daily Life in Greece, pg. 58). There are many instances in myth and history where husbands and wives in Greek society have sacrificed themselves for the sake of the other. They were bonded together by their love of their family and by their dedication to each other through their family. Women were dedicated to the happiness of their husband and the well being of their children. Men were dedicated to providing for and supporting their family and raising noteworthy children. These common goals brought together the husband and wife like never before. It was this bond that sparked the beginning of a lifelong commitment to one another and the growth of their love f or one another. Although women were not given formal rights, they were able to find pride and happiness in the mundane applications of their life. Women found pride in their children and satisfaction in their husbands happiness. I would like to leave you with closing remarks that illustrate the bond between a wife and her husband. The greatest pleasure to me will be this, that, if you prove yourself my superior, you will make me your servant and there will be no fear lest with advancing years your influence will wane; nay the better companion you are to me and the better guardian of the house to our children, the greater will be the esteem in which you are held at home; and all will admire you, not so much for your good looks as for your good deeds in practical life (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 86). Atthis, who didst live for me and breathe thy last toward me, once the source of all my joy and now of tears, holy, much lamented, how sleepst thou the mournful sleep, thou whose head was never laid away from thy husbands breast, leaving Theios alone as one who is no more; for with thee the hope of our life went to darkness (Everyday Life in Ancient Greece, pg. 87). BibliographyBibliographyEveryday Life in Ancient Greece; C.E. Robinson. 1933. Pages 81 87. The Family, Women and Death; Sally Humphreys. 1983. Pages 33 79. Daily Life in Greece; Robert Flaceliere. 1959. Pages 55-83. The Greek World; Edited by Anton Powell. 1995. Pages 199 273. Social Issues

Pregnancy Alcohol essays

Pregnancy Alcohol essays SUBSTANCE USES AND PREGNANCY THE MULTIPLE WAYS OF DISSEMINATING INFORMATION January 1989 the results of a study conducted by Ann Pytkowicz Streissguth were published in the Journal of Developmental Psychology. The study investigated the relationship of maternal use of drugs, alcohol and/or cigarettes during pregnancy on the IQ of her child at the age of four years. Newsweek and Scientific News also print articles later that year reporting the effects of maternal use of alcohol and drugs on the infant. They also looked at the effects of cigarette smoke on the fetus. Although the articles dealt with the same topic using information reported in the original study they differed in how they presented that information to their readers. All three publications varied use of methodology, use of scientific findings, and the presentation of the conclusion to meet the informational needs of their audiences. "IQ at Age 4 in Relationship Maternal Alcohol Use and Smoking during pregnancy" was written by the group of researchers that group participated in a study lead by Ann Streissguth. This the original article is the actual research paper which was presented by the group. The paper tells how an original group of over fifteen hundred pregnant women was reduced to a select group of under five hundred. They explain how the condition of the infant at birth was not a factor in the study. It was their goal to define the long term effect of substance use during pregnancy. Further information shares how they followed the children in a longitudinal study at eight months, eighteen months, and four years. The group looked at a multitude of factors which included the toddlers learning abilities and the child's IQ at the age of four. Of the three articles this one relies most on the use of methodology, scientific findings and presentation conclusion. In their paper they use the standard method o f reporting research data....

Understanding Modern Evolutionary Synthesis

Understanding Modern Evolutionary Synthesis The theory of evolution has itself evolved quite a bit since the time when Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace first came up with the theory. Much more data has been discovered and collected over the years that have only helped to enhance and sharpen the idea that species change over time. The modern synthesis of the theory of evolution combines several different scientific disciplines and their overlapping findings. The original theory of evolution was based mostly upon the work of Naturalists. The modern synthesis has the benefit of many years of research in Genetics and Paleontology, among other various subjects under the biology umbrella. The actual modern synthesis is a collaboration of a large body of work from such celebrated scientists as J.B.S. Haldane, Ernst Mayr, and Theodosius Dobzhansky. While some current scientists assert that evo-devo is also a part of the modern synthesis, most agree it has so far played a very slight role in the overall synthesis. While most of Darwins ideas are still very much present in the modern evolutionary synthesis, there are some fundamental differences now that more data and new disciplines have been studied. This does not, in any way, take away from the importance of Darwins contribution and, in fact, it only helps support most of the ideas Darwin put forth in his book On the Origin of Species. Differences Between Original Theory of Evolution and Modern Evolutionary Synthesis The three main differences between the original Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection proposed by Charles Darwin and the most current Modern Evolutionary Synthesis are as follows: The modern synthesis recognizes several different possible mechanisms of evolution. Darwins theory relied on natural selection as the only known mechanism. One of these different mechanisms, genetic drift, could even match the importance of natural selection in the overall view of evolution.Modern synthesis asserts that characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring on parts of DNA called genes. Variation between individuals within a species is because of the presence of multiple alleles of a gene.The modern synthesis of the Theory of Evolution hypothesizes that speciation is most likely due to the gradual accumulation of small changes or mutations at the gene level. In other words, microevolution leads to macroevolution. Thanks to years of dedicated research by scientists across many disciplines, we now have a much better understanding of how evolution works and a more accurate picture of the change species undergo over a period of time. Even though different facets of evolutionary theory have changed, the fundamental ideas are still intact and just as relevant today as they were in the 1800s.

How to Write a Paper that Gives the Author's Own Argument Essay

How to Write a Paper that Gives the Author's Own Argument - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the paragraphs that follow the thesis statement are logically organized and all follow the thesis statement and points that are made. Each clearly defines one point that relates to the main topic. The paragraphs also give examples and opinions that are followed by facts. Each of the paragraphs works independently to show the main point of the essay while providing an organization that relates to the overall thesis of the paper. More importantly, each of the paragraphs in the paper moves through a chronological order that defines the process of writing, editing and creating a solid paper. For an individual who is learning to write an essay, this provides effective methods that are logical and supported through the thesis. Even though there are adequate points in the body paragraphs, some of the details provided are irrelevant. The examples that are given and some of the statements made drive away from the main thesis and take away from th e objective of the paper. For instance, in paragraph 4, the author begins speaking about organization processes for a thesis paper and not having this as being a distraction. The very next sentence distracts the reader by talking about a television or a younger sister screaming. The reader begins to think about these situations, as opposed to the organization needed to write a paper. The concepts in the paper can be improved with revisions that would enhance the paper. The most important revision to make is from the unnecessary statements and examples that take the reader out of the main subject of the paper.

Women and American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Women and American Revolution - Essay Example The main distinction was on the basis of races; the blacks and the whites. Even though affected the educational and cultural development of the nation, the American Revolution resulted in the formation of the powerful nation in the world. In the midst of 17th Century the need of women education became prominent and activists began to write books and journals on women rights, and this showed the revolutionary ideology toward women Education. Supporters like Catherine Beecher, established certain institutions to provide women education, when they were confined to work at home. She emphasized on women education by teaching women how to learn their children at home, rather than involving only on household works. The introduction of Oberlin College in 1833 and Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 are considered to be milestones in history of American Women Education. The Convention provided opportunity for women to get educated at home and also criticized the issues of suffrage. For a better educated nation, as the children were first taught by their mothers, better educated women can only educate their children, so it arouse the need for women education. After all the country was in need of a lot number of teachers and male t eachers couldn't be found to fill vacancies. The introduction of religious institutions was another main leap in women education.

Runaway Statues: Platonic Lessons on the Limits of an Analogy :: Philosophy Plato Analogy Essays

Runaway Statues: Platonic Lessons on the Limits of an Analogy ABSTRACT: Plato’s best-known distinction between knowledge and opinion occurs in the Meno. The distinction rests on an analogy that compares the acquisition and retention of knowledge to the acquisition and retention of valuable material goods. But Plato saw the limitations of the analogy and took pains to warn against learning the wrong lessons from it. In this paper, I will revisit this familiar analogy with a view to seeing how Plato both uses and distances himself from it. Plato's best-known distinction between knowledge and opinion occurs in the Meno. The distinction rests on an analogy that compares the acquisition and retention of knowledge to the acquisition and retention of valuable material goods. But Plato saw the limitations of the analogy and took pains to warn against learning the wrong lessons from it. In the next few pages I will revisit this familiar analogy with a view to seeing how Plato both uses and distances himself from it. Recall Plato's analogy. To acquire an untied work of Daedalus is not worth much, like acquiring a runaway slave, for it does not remain, but it is worth much if it is tied down, for his works are very beautiful. What am I thinking of when I say this? True opinions.(1) When one owns a valuable statue fashioned by a great artist, one becomes responsible for its security. So life-like it is that it may "run away and escape," jokes Plato, the point being that because fine statues are attractive to other people, their owners must take precautions against their loss by tying then down. Opinions, on this analogy, are potentially flighty, like a slave who runs away from an owner. A slave who runs away is, from the slave-holder's point of view, "worthless." Plato writes, For correct opinion, as long as they remain, are a fine thing and all they do is good, but they are not willing to remain long, and they escape from a man's mind, so that they are not worth very much until one ties them down by (giving) an account of the reason why... After they are tied down, in the first place they become knowledge, and then they remain in place. That is why knowledge is prized higher than correct opinion, and knowledge differs from opinion in being tied down.(2) A valuable statue bought and put in a garden must be "tied down.

Nutrition study worksheet

The topic I chose was eggs. The article (Marcela, 2011)feels organic eggs don't cause heart disease. The hens are feed vegetables and no vaccines or hormones that have made the eggs unhealthy. For Example: The hens are able to run free without being in a tight space with the other hens. Another example: Claims are made when you cook eggs the protein in the egg helps to lower your blood pressure instead of raising it.Organic eggs are one of the best foods a person can eat to stay lately (Marcela, 2011). 2. What health claims are stated in the articles, such as drinking coffee every day will lower one's risk for cancer? The health claims in article is Organic eggs are suppose to have less cholesterol, h less saturated fat 2/3 more vitamin A,E and seven times more carotene (Marcela, 2011). They are a good source of nutrients. The other article say eaten eggs will not extended your life on earth it will decrease it (Greer, 2011). 3.Do any of the articles' claims seem too good to be true? Does it seem that the authors are seeking personal gain in any way? Explain your answers. The article that seems too good to be true is the article on another reason to ignore warnings about eggs. I believe this person who wrote the article eats eggs and don't want to really believe the risk involved with eating eggs at all. I also believe the person who wrote the article may benefit from stating these claims. The article I feel seem to be true is (Greer, 2011)article on bad eggs.I do also believe the person who wrote this article is a vegan who doesn't like any type of eggs or dairy products and is against hens living together in such a small place. I also believe he may feel they all come from the same place. I feel it may be true because I do believe your cholesterol levels will go up high no matter what eggs you eat. I believe eggs could have salmonella poisoning in it and kill a lot of people as well as have people develop diabetes from eating eggs everyday. I don't believe th ey are a good source of proteins at all. . What are the respective sources of these articles (testimonials, peer-reviewed study)? Studies was done and 77% of women and 58% men eating one egg a day increase their chances of developing type 2 diabetes including premature death and earth failure (Greer, 2011) Studies also show eggs has nothing to do with raising a person's cholesterol levels even thou egg yolks will raise your cholesterol levels. They are also a rich source of antioxidants which helps to prevent blindness (Marcela, 2011). 5. 6.Is the information presented in each article new or has it been studied extensively over time, achieving the same results? Both articles have been studied overtime achieving the same results this moment but both have different opinions on eggs. Department of agriculture there was a 2009 study done on eggs and how they are a DOD source of vocative peptides. In 2005 research showed how people eating eggs everyday did not increase their risk of havi ng a heart attack and their cholesterol level did not increase. . Now that you have gone through the details of each article, do you have any reservations about the information in either one? If so, explain why. Has the process of analyzing the two articles changed your opinion on the topic? Explain your answer. Yes after analyzing the articles my opinion on eggs is very different. I use to think eggs were good for you. I am now convinced no eggs are good for you at all to eat. Your chances of living longer on earth can be shortened.I believe I was blinded by the commercials all my life on how eggs are nutritious for you but if you look at it they always say fresh eggs not healthy on commercials.

Staff Survey Acute Psychiatric Ward Of Oldham Hospital - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4413 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Purpose- Engagement is a complex concept with varied definitions and frameworks of measurement. NHS employee engagement has become a hot topic in the recent years especially with NHS Trusts taking on Foundation trust status, where staff engagement is one of the key indicators for maintaining the foundation status. This research aims to evaluate the level of employee engagement in the non medical staff of one of the acute psychiatric ward of Royal Oldham Hospital. Design- survey questionnaire was completed by a sample of 16 staff, working in different roles in the Northside ward of Royal Oldham Hospital. The survey included measures of job and organizational engagement, as well as the antecedents and consequences of engagement. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Staff Survey Acute Psychiatric Ward Of Oldham Hospital" essay for you Create order Findings- Results show a difference between job and organizational engagement, with higher levels of job engagement. This study also shows that contrary to the findings in the literature, job engagement is a stronger predictor of positive outcomes of engaged employee as compared to organizational engagement. The results also show that the link between engagement and its antecedents is complex and engagement is not always the outcome of some intervention but result of interaction between number of factors some of which cannot be intervened by the organization. Introduction The NHS is the largest employer in Europe with a steady increase in number of employees since its origin in 1948. There are recruitment and retention challenges across the NHS with recent survey done by Department of Health in 2009 shows vacancy varies across the main staff groups from about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"one in four (28 per cent) for total medical dental staff (excl. training grades) to about one in five for qualified nurses (21 per cent). This high turnover has impact on continuity and quality of patient care. This has a much bigger implication in the mental health sector, where the recent trend has been to move away from residential care to community treatment and psychosocial rehabilitation, making continuity of care and good therapeutic relationship between patient and provider as the most important factor in patient care. This requires a motivated and an engaged employee group but on the contrary mental health professionals report a much higher rates of burn out and dissatisf action. Kumar (2007) found higher rates of burnout in psychiatrist contributed by factors such as patient violence and suicide, changing culture in mental health services, isolation, and poorly defined roles. Alexander et al (1998) found similar results in mental health nurses working in long term psychiatric units. High turnover also means recruiting and training new staff which has serious cost implications for the NHS (Gray et al, 1998). Employee engagement has now become the new buzz word in the NHS. In 2007 the Department of Health conducted a research à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What Matters to the Staff in the NHS to identify important factors contributing to staff motivation and engagement (DoH, 2008). This survey looked at both emotional and behavioral drivers of staff engagement. The findings of this annual survey are used by the Department of Health to assess workforce strategies of the NHS Trusts and can have impact on provider registration. Employee engagement has become an important theme behind a number of initiatives within the NHS. NHS conducts yearly staff survey since 2003, and more recently the survey has taken on a holistic approach in measuring employee engagement by measuring engagement in various dimensions. Productive Ward strategy has been a recent initiative in an attempt to empower frontline staff and make them more engaged (Institute of Innovation). Penninecare NHS Foundation Trust has identified employe e engagement as one of their major strategic goal in 2009/10. They aim on making the organization à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"A great place to work, and improve the working life of staff with emphasis on training and development. This research aims to identify if Penninecare has been able to fulfill its strategic goal of employee engagement by assessing the employee engagement in the staffs of Northside ward of Royal Oldham Hospital. Research Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the employee engagement in Northside ward of Royal Oldham Hospital. This study intends to achieve this by looking at the emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of engagement. This study also looks at engagement at both organizational and job levels. Furthermore this study also investigates the work environment and other antecedents of engagement (Saks, 2006) along with consequences of employee engagement. Literature Review Defining employee engagement There is no clear consensus on the definition of employee engagement with varied definitions across the literature. CIPD (2009) define employee engagement as a combination of commitment to the organization and its values and organisational citizenship. According to Macey and Schneider (2008) engagement has three dimensions; i.e. trait , state and behavioural engagement. Trait engagement is described as positive views of life and work characterized by enthusiasm, conscientiousness.The state engagement is characterized by feelings of energy, involvement, commitment, empowerment, satisfaction. This state is an antecedent to behavioural engagement which includes organizational citizenship behaviour, personal initiaitve, role expansion. Kahn (1992) approaches engagment as a psychological construct and talks about employees being à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"psychologically present in that their thoughts, feelings and beliefs are accessible within the context of their role. According to CIPD(2009) emoti nal, cognitive and physical engagement make the 3 dimensions to engagement. Engagement is not simply motivation but to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" authentic in their work which requires people to bring their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"selves fully into work (Kahn,1992). Gatenby et al (2009) distinguishes social, intellectual and affective engagement to assess the level of engagement in the public sector. Work engagement is not workaholism as engaged employee have interests outside work and are not addicted to work (Bakker et al, 2008). There is very little clarity as to what constitutes employee engagement which has practical implications on what should be measured within an organization to assess engagment of its work force. Engagement is a dynamic process with engaged employees sometimes showing poor performance (Bakker et al ,2008).According to Hartel et al (2002) employee engagement is involvement, satisfaction and enthusiasm for work. Their Gallup questionnare uses questions on resource availability, development opportunities, recognition and clarity in expectations to catergorize work force into engaged, not-engaged and actively dis-engaged groups. Engagement is charactertized by dedication, vigour and absorption (Schaufeli et al, 2008)According to Saks (2006) job satisfaction is an outcome of engagement. Macey and Schneider (2008 ) argue that job statisfaction measures engagement only when it measures feelings of energy, entusiasm and positive affective states. Constructs like commitment described as positiv e attachment to organization is also used to define engagement (Macy Schneider, 2008). According to Macey and Schneider (2008 ) engagement can be a positive affective state with feelings of pride, energy,vigour, alterness and dedication, similar to Schaufeli et al (2008). According to Macey and Schneider (2008 ) behavioural engagement includes organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), role expansion, proactive behavior, and demonstrating personal initiative. The notion is not only doing more than the usual but also doing something à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"different (Kahn, 1992) also called as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"extra role behavior by Saks (2006). According to Saks (2006) there are two levels of engagement, job and organizational engagement both of which are distinct constructs highlighted by differences in their antecedents and outcomes. Antecedenats of engagment. Pugh Dietz (2008) approach engagement at an organizational level while Gatenby et al (2009) approach engagement as an individual phenomenon. According to Macey and Schneider (2008 ) trait engagement interacts with situational factors to determine the state and behavioural engagement. Both personal and job resources are drivers of engagement (Bakker, 2008 ). Engaged employees are more likely to be extrovert, optimistic, self efficacious, resilient and have good coping skills. Job characterstics and work enviroment are two important factors contributing to engagment (Macey and Schneider (2008 ). According to Kahn (1992) people are more likely to be psychologically present if the job offers variety, good skill mix, autonomy, and good feedback for the members to experience meaningfulness of their role. Similar findings is reported by Gatenby et al (2009) who found à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"person-job fit where the type of work had a greater impact on engagement compared to duration and amount of work. If individuals find that their work roles fit with their self image they are more likely to be psychologically present (Kahn, 1992). Gallup research program identifies resources at work, supervisor support, team work, training and devlopment as some of the situational factors impacting on engagement. Shields Ward (2001) found that job satisfaction in the NHS nurses was affected the perception of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"low pay as compared to other public sector organizations. The y also found quality of work enviroment especially not having the preferred shift duties, not graded according to ones duties and unpaid overtime all increased dissatisfaction amongst the nurses. According to Maslach et al (2001) sustainable work load, having choice and control, appropriate rewards and recognition, good support at work , perceived fairness, and values can lead to job engagement. According to Kahn (1992) the incentives within the social systems of the work can influence the level of personal self an individual brings to work. Good work environment can promote self regulatory behavior in employees (Bakker et al, 2008). Saks (2006) uses the social exchange theory to explain the impact of perceived reward and recognition on engagement. The social exchange theory argues that relationship between the employer and employee can evolve as long as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rules of exchange are followed, which involves one party responding to the actions of the other party. Work life ba lance was found to be more important in the NHS trust compared to hours of work in its impact on engagement (Gatenby et al, 2009). Job security was found not to be important in the public sector in UK explained by the constant restructuring making the employees immune to threats of job loss. According to Kahn (1992) availability, safety and meaningfulness can improve work performance. According to Benson Dundis (2003) Maslows model of hierarchy of needs can be used as a tool to motivate healthcare staffs who often have to work under high pressure with scarce recourses. They argue that if employees feel secure, needed and appreciated, then they are more likely to be motivated and committed to their job. According to CIPD (2009) breakdown of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"psychological contract can lead to dissatisfaction and disengagement. This psychological contract is informal and is the mutual understanding of the job obligations between the employee and the employer. According to Cartwright and Holmes (2006) addressing the imbalance between the organizational needs and expectations of the employee is very important because of an increase in organizational expectations from their employees, who often work with limited resources, in return for only employability, increases cynicism and disengagement amongst its employees. This concept needs addressing in NHS employee engagement strategies. According to Saks (2006) perceived organization support (POS) and not perceived superior support (PSS) predicted job and organization engagement. Similarly Gatenby et al (2009) did not find any influence of the perceptions of managers and line managers in the public sector, except in the NHS Trust where they were significant. However CIPD (2005) argue that managers influence the employee perception of HR policy and need support and training in their role of performance management, appraisal and recognition. According to Luthan Peterson(2002) managerial self efficacy was a partial mediator of employee engagement and they together improved managerial effectiveness. Transformational leadership and trust are two other factors contributing to engagement as identified by Macey and Schneider (2008 ). According to them an effective leader can make positive impact on both state and trait engagement. Similarlily trust in the leader and the organization will also lead to positive behaviour. Consequences of Engagement Sakss (2006) model identifies job satisfaction, organizational commitment, intentions to quit, and organizational citizenship behaviour as the consequences of employee engagement. Gallup Workplace Audit uses 12 survey questions to assess employee perception of management practices. Harter et al (2002) use the Gallup questionnaire in their meta-analysis to identify the relationship between employee engagement and business outcomes. Their study showed that employee engagement had a positive impact on staff turnover, customer loyalty, productivity and profitability of the business units. They stress the importance of organizations trying to create à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"well being in the work place to influence employee engagement and positive behaviour in their staffs. Sibbald et al (2003) found an increase in the proportion of doctors intending to quit clinical work had increased between 1998 and 2000 and the rise was mainly due to poor job satisfaction. Shield Ward (2001) found 65% higher pr obability of quitting amongst nurses if they were dissatisfied. According to Kahn (1992), psychological presence has both individual and organizational benefits. At an individual level, an engaged employee is more likely to be authentic in their work and be present both physically and emotionally. This can lead to increased productivity and make the organization more receptive to change. According to Bakker et al (2008) employee engagement can have both short term and long-term consequences but also raises questions on the possibility of burn out in employees in continuous state of high engagement. According to Schaufeli et al (2008) engagement and burnout are opposite of each other with workaholics sharing some features with both of them. They found that engaged managers enjoyed good mental health, good social functioning and worked in resourceful job with positive outcomes. Bakker et al (2008) talks about organizations with engaged employees having competitive advantage to their c ompetitors. However engagement can also have a negative side especially as some of the personal characteristics of engaged employee can make them over confident with unrealistic optimism which can be harmful both to the individual and the organization (Bakker, 2008). There is also the danger of over engaged employees becoming workaholics leading to an imbalance of work life balance which can have a negative impact on job satisfaction. Methodology Questionnaire Design Internet mediated questionnaire was used for data collection. This method of data collection made it possible to collect data from all the 24 staff employed in the Northside ward, who work on a shift system. As this research aims to study the opinions, behaviors and attitudes of staffs with regards to employee engagement, questionnaire was used as a data collection tool (Saunders, Lewis, Thornhill, 2009:362). The questionnaire was generated using à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"kwiksurveys.com, which is a free and simple to use survey design software. Speaking to the staff in the ward, it was clear that they were overloaded with requests for survey in the NHS. To improve the response rate the questionnaire was kept very simple and short. The responders were given only two options to consider for each question, agree or disagree. The option of neutral or not decided was not given as an option to make people commit to one of the responses. Likert scale has been widely used in literature for data collec tion in research of similar kind. This has not been used for the purpose of making the survey easy to respond and easy to analyze. The survey was launched after a pilot on 2 colleagues. The emails were personalized by using their name. The responders were informed that the survey was anonymous and given a brief description of the purpose of the survey. They were also given the option of requesting the results if desired. A total of 13 emails were sent, with 2 further reminders in an interval of 2 days. 9 staff members were given hard copies because of their difficulties in accessing email, after taking similar precautions to ensure anonymity. 2 staff were off sick, so were not included in the sample. Sample The sample included only non medical staff as their work commitments is mainly restricted to the wards in contrast to medical staff who have a number of non ward commitments. The staff mix in the Northside ward includes manager, sister, ward clerk, ward nurse, and nursing assistant. Measures Engagement In this research employee engagement is measured in three dimensions, i.e. emotional, behavioural and intellectual engagement. Gatenby et al (2009) use à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I get completely absorbed at work as a measure of intellectual engagement. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am energized at work and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am enthusiastic about my job measure the affective component of engagement as described by Macey and Schneider (2008). Behavioral engagement also described as extra role behavior involves being adaptive, taking personal initiative and organizational citizenship behavior (Macey and Schneider, 2008). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I participate in meetings which improve the image of the organization reflects organizational citizenship behavior. Saks (2006) uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am engaged in this job to measure job engagement and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"One of the most exciting things for me is getting involved with things happening in this organization to measure organizational engagement. Job variables Autonomy, work life balance, sustainable work load, skill mix, variety, meaningful work and recognition reward have been identified as some of the major situational factors contributing to engagement (Kahn, 1992; Saks, 2006; Gatenby et al, 2009; Maslach et al 2001 Bakker et al, 2008). Gatenby et al (2009) uses à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"My work load is manageable to measure sustainability of work and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am satisfied with the amount of variety in my job to measure job variety. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"My employer values my work indicates if employees receive praise for performing their work well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I choose how to perform my job reflects autonomy at work. Meaningful work is one of the important motivating factors for engaged employees (Kahn, 1992; Benson Dundis, 2003). It is measured by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"My work is meaningful and makes a difference to patient care. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"My manager is an effective leader and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I trust my manager measures supervisor support and trust (Gatenby et al, 2009). Training and development is measured by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am satisfied with my training and development. Consequences Job satisfaction and quitting behavior was measured by Saks (2006) to measure consequence of engaged workforce. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am physically and emotionally exhausted at the end of my shift measures burnout, which leads to disengagement (Schaufeli et al, 2008). Organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment have been described as outcomes of engaged employees by Saks (2006). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I am willing to attend functions which are not required but will improve the image of Penninecare NHS Foundation Trust measures Organizational citizenship behavior and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"I personally feel attached to   Penninecare NHS Foundation Trust measures organizational commitment. Control variables Job title and years of experience in mental health are included as control variables as it does not directly contribute to engagement but has influence on perceptions and work related behavior ( Gatenby et al, 2009). Data Analysis Data was analyzed using the cross tabulation in MS Excel. Results 16 out of 22 staff responded to the survey. Fig 1: job title of staff NA nursing assistant Engagement 88% 0f responders were engaged in their job, while 69% were engaged with Pennine care. This finding is similar to Saks (2006) findings that job engagement is a different construct to organizational engagement with employees showing a higher job engagement compared to organizational engagement. 54% of employee who were engaged in their job were enthusiastic about their work, felt energized by their work and got completely absorbed in their work. Only 23% of the job-engaged employee disagreed on both feeling absorbed in their job and feeling energized, making feelings of enthusiasm as the main predictor of job engagement. Literature describes engagement as a positive affective state with feeling of energy, vigour, enthusiasm and absorption (Macy Schneider, 2008), (Schaufeli, Taris, Rhenen, 2008). This research shows that only some positive affective states are related to engagement. Lack of clearly defined definitions for words like absorbed, energy and enthusiasm leaves such questio ns open to interpretation by the responders making in difficult to compare these constructs. Antecedents of engagement The results show that engaged employees responded positively to their work and work environment. 64% of the job-engaged employee found their work manageable, meaningful, work conditions as acceptable with good mix of skills and variety. They also reported higher levels of autonomy and control over their jobs. One interpretation could be that good work environment can influence employee engagement (Macy Schneider, 2008 Kahn, 1992) but it is also possible for engaged employees have greater influence and control over their environment ( (Bakker, Schaufeli, Leiter, Taris, 2008). The findings also suggest low perceived organizational support and value, which are important predictors of organizational engagement (Saks, 2006). 63% report not getting any feedback on their contribution to the success of the organization and 38% report not feeling valued by their employer. This highlights that organizational engagement is a different concept to job engagement and it has different antecedents compared to job engagement. Perceived managerial behavioural is significant, with 93% reporting trust in their line managers and 85% of engaged employees found their line managers as effective leaders. This contradicts findings of Saks (2006) and Gatenby (2009), who did not find any association between perceived managerial behaviour and engagement. It is possible that engaged employees share much better relationship with their managers, which influences managerial effectiveness, which in turn increases employee engagement (Luthans Peterson, 2002). Consequences of engagement The results show high rates of exhaustion (57%), which is one of the dimensional construct for burn out ( (Schaufeli, Taris, Rhenen, 2008) . This study also shows low organizational commitment (37%), which could be related to low organizational engagement. However, in comparison, other positive outcomes like not quitting, organizational citizenship behaviour and job satisfaction were significantly higher. According to Saks (2006), all the above outcomes are predicted by job engagement and organizational engagement with organizational engagement a stronger predictor of the outcomes. This study shows that job engagement as much stronger predictor of positive outcomes. Inspite of low organizational engagement (69%), 87% report job satisfaction, 67% show organizational citizenship behaviour and only 7% admit to looking for a new job in the next 12 months. Staff comments Staff Nurse: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"would like to see manager more on wards, some choice in work other standard procedure Ward staff: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"as most other staff I feel undervalued and under paid. Nurse: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"trust to make way for feeding back to staff Conclusion Engagement is a very complex concept to define and measure Engagement is multidimensional, described to have an emotional, cognitive and behavioural aspects to it (CIPD, 2009) and Macy Schneider (2008) describe engagement as trait, state, behavioural engagement. Positive psychological states, like feelings of energy, vigour and absorption are more likely to measure engagement ( (Macy Schneider, 2008), (Schaufeli, Taris, Rhenen, 2008). However, these states are difficult to define and open to interpretation, hence difficult to measure. This study highlights this problem, where 23% of engaged employee did not report of feelings of energy and absorption, which contradicts the concept of engagement found in the literature. This research also shows that job and organizational engagement are two different but related constructs, with staff reporting higher levels of job engagement as compared to organizational engagement. This highlights the need for separate strategies in addressing the two constructs of engagement. In this study, the antecedents of engagement were similar to that in literature, with sustainable work, variety skill mix, meaningful work, work family balance, autonomy, control and good work environment as important associations of engagement. Saks (2006) uses the SET theory to explain the influence of the good work environment and good perceived organizational support on engagement but it is also possible that engaged employees are able to make use of their personal resources and adapt quickly to changing environment (Bakker, 2008). This makes person-job fit essential (Gatenby, Alfes, Truss, Rees, Soane, 2009). One possible mediator between work environment and engagement could be years of NHS experience. The employees in this sample have long years of experience in the NHS (average 12 years). It is possible that years of working in the NHS has adapted people to their work and its environment and made them person-job fit. It is also possible that years of working in the NHS has h elped in bringing employee psychological contract in alignment to the organizational needs, leaving the employees more satisfied in their job. Therefore, engagement is not always the outcome of some intervention but result of number of factors some of which cannot be intervened by the organization. Majority of the responders were nursing assistant, who often take on a supporting role to the nurses. This responder bias in the sample raises questions about the level of engagement in the nurses. The antecedent to organizational engagement is clearer, with low perceived organizational support and value associated with low engagement with Penninecare, which explains low organizational commitment. Low organizational engagement does not appear to have much impact on other positive outcomes of engagement, which contradicts Saks (2006) findings. This is an opportunity for Penninecare to engage these employees with low engagement, who continue to express positive behaviour and attitudes to prevent them from being disengaged completely. Inspite of some evidence of burnout, there is no impact on quitting behaviour. It is possible that years of experience in the NHS, has made people more accepting of high work load and exhaustion and aware of the possibility of experiencing similar work load in a different job in the NHS. The low quitting behaviour could also be related to the current financial crisis and perceptions around finding a new job. Various confounding factors make it is difficult to make any associations between engagement and outcome. Finally, the employees in this research are engaged in their job, report high levels of satisfaction in their job and work conditions. However, the level of organizational engagement is low as compared to job engagement. Penninecare needs to address organizational engagement amongst its employee, to improve organizational commitment and citizenship behaviour amongst its staff, which is extremely significant for its foundation status. Recommendations The organization needs to do further in dept research on employee engagement especially in places of high pressure like the acute wards, which are the major cost centres of the organization. The research should address both job and organizational engagement as separate constructs. Foundation Trust is a more recent creation within the NHS as a means of engaging local communities. Foundation Trusts are owned by their members drawn from staff, patients and local people, in an attempt to empower its major stakeholders in shaping organizational strategy. Penninecare should conduct staff survey to identify any misconceptions and variability of staff understanding of Foundation status. Addressing staff perceptions will improve staff membership, which in turn can influence organizational engagement by giving their employees a voice in decision- making. Penninecare needs to educate its staff about the importance of local representation in the membership as it will help in raising local concerns to higher authorities but will also help the staff in receiving feedback about their contribution to organizational success. Factors contributing to exhaustion should be explored as it not uncommon to find staff shortages in acute setting often leading to increased work pressure and low morale in the staff. Effective communication between staff and line managers, who are often the first point of contact between staff and management, can influence staff work experience. Therefore line managers should be assessed for their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"soft management skills and trained on their deficiencies. Work environment especially in acute settings should support staff autonomy, provide opportunities to learn and develop, provide task variety and channels to receive feedback. Frontline staff should be freed from unnecessary time consuming bureaucratic paper work to free time for patient care.

Drinking Problems With Alcohol Abuse - 1302 Words

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